December 22 Explained
This is the most common day for winter solstice to occur in the northern hemisphere and summer solstice to occur in the southern hemisphere, heralding various cultural observances.
Events
- 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies.
- 1807 - The Embargo Act, forbidding trade with all foreign countries, is passed by the U.S. Congress, at the urging of President Thomas Jefferson.
- 1808 - The premiere of Beethoven's Fourth Piano Concerto, Fifth and Sixth symphonies amongst other pieces.
- 1809 - The Non-Intercourse Act, lifting the Embargo Act except for the United Kingdom and France, is passed by the U.S. Congress.
- 1849 - The execution of Fyodor Dostoevsky is called off at the last second.
- 1851 - The first freight train is operated in Roorkee, India.
- 1864 - Savannah, Georgia falls to General William Tecumseh Sherman, concluding his "March to the Sea".
- 1885 - Ito Hirobumi, a samurai, became the first Prime Minister of Japan.
- 1890 - Cornwallis Valley Railway begins operation between Kingsport and Kentville, Nova Scotia.
- 1894 - The Dreyfus affair begins, in France, when Alfred Dreyfus is wrongly convicted of treason, on antisemitic grounds.
- 1920 - The GOELRO economic development plan is adopted by the 8th Congress of Soviets of the Russian SFSR.
- 1937 - The Lincoln Tunnel opens to traffic in New York City.
- 1940 - World War II: Himarë is captured by the Greek army.
- 1942 - World War II: Adolf Hitler signs the order to develop the V-2 rocket as a weapon.
- 1944 - World War II: Battle of the Bulge - German troops demand the surrender of United States troops at Bastogne, Belgium, prompting the famous one word reply by General Anthony McAuliffe: "Nuts!"
- 1944 - World War II: The Vietnam People's Army is formed to resist Japanese occupation of Indo-China, now Vietnam.
- 1947 - The Constituent Assembly of Italy approves its constitution.
- 1956 - Colo is born, the first gorilla to be bred in captivity.
- 1963 - The cruise ship Lakonia burns 180 miles north of Madeira with the loss of 128 lives.
- 1964 - Comedian Lenny Bruce is convicted of obscenity.
- 1964 - First flight of the SR-71 (Blackbird).
- 1965 - In the United Kingdom, a 70mph speed limit is applied to all rural roads including motorways for the first time. Previously, there had been no speed limit.
- 1974 - Grande Comore, Anjouan and Mohéli vote to become the independent nation of Comoros. Mayotte remains under French administration.
- 1974 - The house of former British Prime Minister Ted Heath house is attacked by members of the Provisional IRA.
- 1978 - The pivotal Third Plenum of the 11th National Congress of the Communist Party of China is held in Beijing, with Deng Xiaoping reversing Mao-era policies to pursue a program for Chinese economic reform.
- 1984 - Subway vigilante Bernhard Hugo Goetz shoots four African-American men on an express train in The Bronx borough of New York City.
- 1988 - Chico Mendes, a Brazilian rubber tapper, unionist and environmental activist, is assassinated.
- 1989 - After a week of bloody demonstrations, Ion Iliescu takes over as president of Romania, ending Nicolae Ceauşescu's Communist dictatorship.
- 1989 - Berlin's Brandenburg Gate re-opens after nearly 30 years, effectively ending the division of East and West Germany.
- 1989 - Kempsey bus crash: Two tourist coaches collide on the Pacific Highway north of Kempsey, New South Wales
- 1990 - Final independence of Marshall Islands and Federated States of Micronesia after termination of trusteeship.
- 1997 - Acteal massacre: Attendees at a prayer meeting of Roman Catholic activists for indigenous causes in the small village of Acteal in the Mexican state of Chiapas are massacred by paramilitary forces.
- 1999 - The Spanish Civil Guard finds near Calatayud (Zaragoza) another van loaded by ETA with 750 kg of explosives (see related event on December 21, 1999).
- 2001 - Burhanuddin Rabbani, political leader of the Afghan Northern Alliance, hands over power in Afghanistan to the interim government headed by President Hamid Karzai.
- 2001 - Richard Reid attempts to destroy a passenger airliner by igniting explosives hidden in his shoes aboard American Airlines Flight 63.
- 2003 - A magnitude 6.6 earthquake hits near San Simeon, California.
Births
- 1095 - Roger II of Sicily, King of Sicily (d. 1154)
- 1178 - Emperor Antoku of Japan (d. 1185)
- 1546 - Kuroda Yoshitaka, Japanese Daimyo (d. 1604)
- 1550 - Cesare Cremonini, Italian philosopher (d. 1631)
- 1639 - Jean Racine, French dramatist (d. 1699)
- 1666 - Guru Gobind Singh, Sikh guru (d. 1708)
- 1690 - Meidingnu Pamheiba, King of Manipur (d. 1751)
- 1694 - Hermann Samuel Reimarus, German philosopher and writer (d. 1768)
- 1696 - James Oglethorpe, English general and founder of the state of Georgia (d. 1785)
- 1723 - Carl Friedrich Abel, German composer (d. 1787)
- 1765 - Johann Friedrich Pfaff, German mathematician (d. 1825)
- 1805 - John Obadiah Westwood, British entomologist (d. 1893)
- 1807 - Johann Sebastian Welhaven, Norwegian poet (d. 1873)
- 1819 - Franz Wilhelm Abt, German composer (d. 1870)
- 1819 - Pierre Ossian Bonnet, French mathematician (d. 1892)
- 1853 - Teresa Carreño, Venezuelan pianist (d. 1917)
- 1853 - Yevgraf Fyodorov, Russian mathematician (d. 1919)
- 1856 - Frank B. Kellogg, U.S. Secretary of State, Nobel laureate (d. 1937)
- 1858 - Giacomo Puccini, Italian composer (d. 1924)
- 1860 - Austin Norman Palmer, American penmanship innovator (d. 1927)
- 1862 - Connie Mack, American baseball executive (d. 1956)
- 1869 - Edwin Arlington Robinson, American poet (d. 1935)
- 1869 - Dmitri Egorov, Russian mathematician (d. 1931)
- 1872 - Camille Guérin, French veterinarian and bacteriologist (d. 1961)
- 1874 - Franz Schmidt, Austrian composer (d. 1939)
- 1876 - Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Italian poet and editor (d. 1944)
- 1883 - Edgard Varèse French-born composer (d. 1965)
- 1887 - Srinivasa Ramanujan, Indian mathematician (d. 1920)
- 1888 - J. Arthur Rank, British film producer (d. 1972)
- 1898 - Vladimir Aleksandrovich Fock, Russian physicist (d. 1974)
- 1899 - Gustav Gründgens, German actor (d. 1963)
- 1900 - Marc Allégret, French film director and screenwriter (d. 1973)
- 1901 - André Kostelanetz, American popular music orchestra leader and arranger (d. 1980)
- 1903 - Haldan Keffer Hartline, American physiologist, Nobel laureate (d. 1983)
- 1905 - Kenneth Rexroth, American poet (d. 1982)
- 1905 - Pierre Brasseur, French actor (d. 1972)
- 1907 - Dame Peggy Ashcroft, English actress (d. 1991)
- 1909 - Patricia Hayes, English actress (d. 1998)
- 1912 - Lady Bird Johnson, First Lady of the United States (d. 2007)
- 1914 - Swami Satchidananda, Yogi and Spiritual teacher (d. 2002)
- 1915 - Barbara Billingsley, American actress
- 1917 - Gene Rayburn, American game show host (d. 1999)
- 1921 - Hawkshaw Hawkins, American country singer (d. 1963)
- 1922 - Jack Brooks, American politician
- 1922 - Ruth Roman, American actress (d. 1999)
- 1924 - Frank Corsaro, American stage director
- 1925 - Lewis Glucksman, American financier (d. 2006)
- 1934 - David Pearson, American racecar driver
- 1936 - James Burke, British writer
- 1936 - Hector Elizondo, American actor
- 1936 - Wojciech Frykowski, Polish actor (d. 1969)
- 1937 - Eduard Uspensky, Russian writer
- 1938 - Matty Alou, Dominican baseball player
- 1938 - Lucien Bouchard, Quebec politician
- 1939 - James Gurley, American musician
- 1942 - Dick Parry, English musician (Pink Floyd)
- 1943 - Paul Wolfowitz, American politician
- 1944 - Steve Carlton, American baseball player
- 1945 - Diane Sawyer, American journalist
- 1946 - Rick Nielsen, American musician (Cheap Trick)
- 1948 - Noel Edmonds, English game show host
- 1948 - Steve Garvey, American baseball player
- 1948 - Chris Old, English cricketer
- 1948 - Lynne Thigpen, American actress (d. 2003)
- 1949 - Maurice Gibb, English musician (The Bee Gees) (d. 2003)
- 1949 - Robin Gibb, English musician (The Bee Gees)
- 1951 - Gerald Cavendish Grosvenor, Duke of Westminster
- 1953 - Bern Nadette Stanis, actress
- 1953 - Ian Turnbull, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1954 - Hideshi Matsuda, Japanese racing driver
- 1955 - Lonnie Smith, American baseball player
- 1957 - Carole James, Canadian politician
- 1958 - Frank Gambale, Australian musician
- 1958 - David Heavener, American actor and musician
- 1959 - Bernd Schuster, German footballer
- 1960 - Wakin Chau, Chinese singer
- 1960 - Jean-Michel Basquiat, American artist (d. 1988)
- 1960 - Luther Campbell (Luke), American rap artist (2 Live Crew)
- 1960 - Patrick Fitzgerald, American attorney
- 1961 - Andrew Fastow, American businessman
- 1962 - Ralph Fiennes, English actor
- 1963 - Giuseppe Bergomi, Italian footballer
- 1963 - Luna H. Mitani, Japanese American surrealism painter
- 1963 - Brian McMillan, former South African cricketer
- 1966 - Dmitry Bilozerchev, Soviet gymnast
- 1966 - Marcel "Schmier" Schirmer, German singer and bassplayer (Destruction)
- 1967 - Dan Petrescu, Romanian footballer
- 1967 - Richey James Edwards, Welsh musician (Manic Street Preachers) (disappeared in 1995)
- 1967 - Stéphane Gendron, Quebec politician
- 1967 - Paul Morris, Australian racing driver
- 1968 - Dina Meyer, American actress
- 1968 - Lauralee Bell, American actress
- 1969 - Myriam Bédard, Canadian athlete
- 1971 - Pat Mastroianni, Canadian actor
- 1972 - Big Tigger, television host
- 1972 - Vanessa Paradis, French singer
- 1974 - Heather Donahue, American actress
- 1975 - Chris Adler, American actor
- 1975 - Crissy Moran, American erotic actress
- 1975 - Dmitri Khokhlov, Russian footballer
- 1975 - Stanislav Neckář, Czech ice hockey player
- 1975 - Sergei Aschwanden, Swiss judoka
- 1976 - Brian A. Alexander, American screenwriter and director
- 1976 - Katleen De Caluwé, Belgian athlete
- 1976 - Jason Lane, American Baseball Player
- 1977 - Steve Kariya, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1980 - Chris Carmack, American actor
- 1982 - Brooke Nevin, Canadian actress
- 1983 - Jennifer Hawkins, Australian Miss Universe
- 1984 - Basshunter, popular Swedish singer
- 1984 - Festus, American professional wrestler
- 1986 - Dennis Armfield, Australian rules footballer
- 1989 - Jordin Sparks, American singer and American Idol winner
- 1990 - Jean-Baptiste Maunier, French actor
- 1993 - Aliana Lohan, American singer
Deaths
- 1100 - Duke Bretislaus II of Bohemia
- 1550 - Richard Plantagenet (Richard of Eastwell) possibly a son of Richard III
- 1603 - Mehmed III, Ottoman Emperor (b. 1566)
- 1646 - Peter Mogila, Orthodox Metropolitan of Kiev and Galicia (b. 1596)
- 1660 - André Tacquet, Flemish mathematician (b. 1612)
- 1681 - Richard Alleine, English Puritan clergyman (b. 1611)
- 1708 - Hedwig Sophia, duchess of Holstein-Gottorp, Swedish writer (b. 1681)
- 1738 - Constantia Jones, British prostitute (executed)
- 1767 - John Newbery, English publisher (b. 1713)
- 1788 - Percivall Pott, English physician and surgeon (b. 1714)
- 1806 - William Vernon, American merchant (b. 1719)
- 1828 - William Hyde Wollaston, English chemist (b. 1766)
- 1867 - Jean-Victor Poncelet, French mathematician (b. 1788)
- 1870 - Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, Spanish poet and writer (b. 1836)
- 1880 - George Eliot, English writer (b. 1819)
- 1899 - Dwight L. Moody, American evangelist (b. 1837)
- 1902 - Richard von Krafft-Ebing, German psychiatrist (b. 1840)
- 1917 - Mother Cabrini, first American citizen canonized by the Catholic Church (b. 1850)
- 1939 - Ma Rainey, American singer (b. 1886)
- 1940 - Nathanael West, American writer (b. 1903)
- 1942 - Franz Boas, German anthropologist (b. 1858)
- 1943 - Beatrix Potter, English writer (b. 1866)
- 1944 - Harry Langdon, American silent film actor (b. 1884)
- 1959 - Gilda Gray, Polish-born American dancer and actress (b. 1901)
- 1965 - Richard Dimbleby, English journalist and broadcaster (b. 1913)
- 1971 - Godfried Bomans, Dutch author and television personality (b. 1913)
- 1979 - Darryl F. Zanuck, American producer (b. 1902)
- 1985 - D. Boon, American singer and guitarist (The Minutemen) (b. 1958)
- 1986 - Ida Cook (Mary Burchell), British novelist (b. 1904)
- 1987 - Luca Prodan, Italian-Scottish singer (Sumo) (b. 1953)
- 1988 - Chico Mendes, Brazilian rubber tapper, unionist, and environmental activist (assassinated) (b. 1944)
- 1989 - Samuel Beckett, Irish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1906)
- 1992 - Frederick Franz, Watchtower president (b. 1893)
- 1993 - Don DeFore, American actor (b. 1913)
- 1995 - Butterfly McQueen, American actress (b. 1911)
- 1995 - James Meade, English economist, Bank of Sweden Prize winner (b. 1907)
- 2001 - Ovidiu Iacov, Romanian footballer (b. 1981)
- 2002 - Desmond Hoyte, President of Guyana (b. 1929)
- 2002 - Joe Strummer, English musician (The Clash) (b. 1952)
- 2003 - Dave Dudley, American singer (b. 1928)
- 2004 - Doug Ault, American baseball player (b. 1950)
- 2006 - Elena Mukhina, Russian gymnast (b. 1960)
- 2006 - Galina Ustvolskaya, Russian composer (b. 1919)
- 2006 - Dennis Linde, American songwriter (b. 1943)
- 2007 - Adrian Cristobal, Filipino writer (b. 1932)
Holidays and observances
External links
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