| Network Name: | Australian Broadcasting Corporation |
| Country: | Australia |
| Available: | National International |
| Owner: | Government of Australia |
| Key People: | |
| Launch Date: | 1932 (radio) 1956 (television) 1995 (online) |
| Past Names: | Australian Broadcasting Company (1929-1932) Australian Broadcasting Commission (1932-1983) |
| Website: | www.abc.net.au |
The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) is Australia's national public broadcaster, known previously as the Australian Broadcasting Commission. With a budget of AUD$823 million, the corporation provides television, radio and online services throughout metropolitan and regional Australia, as well as overseas through the Australia Network and Radio Australia. Through its commercial arm, ABC Commercial, the corporation runs a chain of retail outlets, selling books, audio and video recordings, and other merchandise related to its programs.
Founded in 1929 as the Australian Broadcasting Company, it was subsequently nationalised and made a state-owned corporation on July 1, 1932, becoming the Australian Broadcasting Commission. Following this, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983 changed the name of the organisation to the Australian Broadcasting Corporation effective July 1, 1983. The corporation produces programmes and information services, broadcasting nationally on television, radio, and the Internet. The ABC is often referred to informally as "Aunty", the origin of this name derives directly from a nickname of the ABC's cousin, the BBC.[1]
The first public radio station in Australia opened in Sydney on November 13, 1923 under the call sign 2SB with other stations in Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth and Hobart following.[2] A licensing scheme, administered by the Postmaster-General's Department, was soon established allowing certain stations government funding, albeit with restrictions placed on their advertising content.[3]
Following a 1927 Royal Commission inquiry into radio licensing issues, the government established the National Broadcasting Service which subsequently took over a number of the larger funded stations. It also nationalised the Australian Broadcasting Company which had been created by entertainment interests to supply programs to various radio stations.[3] On July 1 1932, the Australian Broadcasting Commission was established, taking over the operations of the National Broadcasting Service and eventually establishing offices in each of Australia's capital cities.[3]
Over the next four years the stations were reformed into a cohesive broadcasting organisation through regular program relays, coordinated by a centralised bureaucracy.[4] The Australian broadcast radio spectrum was constituted of the ABC and the commercial sector.[4]
In 1942 The Australian Broadcasting Act was passed, giving the ABC the power to decide when, and in what circumstances, political speeches should be broadcast.[5] Directions from the Minister about whether or not to broadcast any matter now had to be made in writing, and any exercise of the power had to be mentioned in the Commission's Annual Report.[5] It was used only once, in 1963.[5] In the same year, "Kindergarten of the Air" began on ABC Radio in Perth, and was later broadcast nationally.
The commission commenced television broadcasting in Sydney and Melbourne in 1956. ABN-2 Sydney was inauguratedby Prime Minister Robert Menzies on November 5, with ABV-2 Melbourne following two weeks later on November 18. These two stations were later joined by additional services in Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth, Hobart, and eventually Darwin.
Although radio programs could be broadcast nationally by landline, television relay facilities were not put in place until the early 1960s.[6] This meant that news bulletins had to be sent to each capital city by teleprinter, to be prepared and presented separately in each city, with filmed materials copied manually and sent to each state.[6] Other television programs at the time included the popular Six O'Clock Rock hosted by Johnny O'Keefe, Mr Squiggle, as well as operas and plays.[6]
In the early years of television, the ABC had been using Lissajous curves as fillers in-between programs. A staff competition was conducted in 1963 to create a new logo for use on television, stationery, publications, microphone badges and vehicles.[7] After a suggestion by space engineer, Doug Rickard,[8] the ABC's senior graphic designer, Bill Kennard, submitted a design in 1965 which was part of the waveform of an oscilloscope.[7] The letters A-B-C were added to the wavelength design and it was adopted as the ABC's official logo.[7] Kennard was paid A£25 for his design.[7]
In 1975, colour television was introduced in Australia, and within a decade, the ABC had moved into satellite broadcasting, greatly enhancing its ability to distribute content nationally. In the same year, the ABC introduced a 24 hour-a-day AM rock station in Sydney, 2JJ (Double Jay), which was eventually expanded into the national Triple J FM network. A year later, a national classical music network was established on the FM band, broadcasting from Adelaide. It was initially known as ABC-FM - referring both to its 'fine music' programming and radio frequency.[9]
The Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983 [10] changed the name of the organisation from the "Australian Broadcasting Commission" to the "Australian Broadcasting Corporation" effective 1 July 1983.[10] At the same time, the newly-formed Corporation underwent significant restructuring - program production in indigenoushot affairs, comedy, social history and current affairs was significantly expanded, while the Corporation's output of drama was boosted. Local production trebled from 1986-91 with the assistance of co-production, co-financing, and pre-sales arrangements.[11]
The changes also led to the split of television and radio operations into two separate divisions, with an overhaul of management, finance, property and engineering undertaken.[11] Geoffrey Whitehead was the initial Managing Director, however following his resignation in 1986, David Hill (at the time chair of the ABC Board) took over his position.
A new Concert Music department was formed in 1985 to coordinate the corporation's six symphony orchestras, which in turn received a greater level of autonomy in order to better respond to local needs.[11] Open-air free concerts and tours, educational activities, and joint ventures with other music groups were undertaken at the time to expand the Orchestras' audience reach.[11]
ABC Radio was restructured significantly in 1985 - Radio One became the Metropolitan network, while Radio 2 became known as Radio National (callsigns, however, were not standardised until 1990). New programs such as The World Today, Australia All Over, and The Coodabeen Champions were introduced, while ABC-FM established an Australian Music Unit in 1989.[11] Radio Australia began to focus on the Asia-Pacific region, with coverage targeted at the south west and central Pacific, south-east Asia, and north Asia. Radio Australia also carried more news coverage, with special broadcasts during the 1988 Fiji coup, Tianmen Square massacre, and the First Gulf War.[11]
In 1991, the Corporation's Sydney radio and orchestral operations moved to a new building built by Leighton Holdings[12] on a single site in the inner-city suburb of Ultimo. In Melbourne, the ABC Southbank Centre was completed in 1994, and now houses the radio division in Victoria as well as the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra.[13]
The ABC Multimedia Unit was established in July, 1995, to manage the new ABC website (launched in August). Funding was allocated later that year specifically for online content, as opposed to reliance on funding for television and radio content. The first online election coverage was put together in 1996, and included news, electorate maps, candidate information and live results.[13]
By the early 1990s, all major ABC broadcasting outlets moved to 24 hour-a-day operation, while regional radio coverage in Australia was extended with 80 new transmitters.[13] Live television broadcasts of selected parliamentary sessions started in 1990.[13] ABC NewsRadio, a continuous news network broadcast on the Parliamentary and News Network when parliament is not sitting, was launched on October 5, 1996.[13]
International television service Australia Television International was established in 1993, while at the same Radio Australia increased its international reach.[13] Reducing funding in 1997 for Radio Australia resulted in staff and programming cuts.[13]
Australia Television was sold to the Seven Network in 1998, however the service continued to show ABC news and current affairs programming up until its closure in 2001.[14] The ABC's television operation joined its radio and online divisions at the Corporation's Ultimo headquarters in 2000.[15]
In 2001, digital television commenced after four years of preparation.[15] In readiness, the ABC had fully digitised its production, post-production and transmission facilities - heralded at the time as 'the greatest advance in television technology since the introduction of colour'.[15] The first programs to be produced in widescreen were drama series Something in the Air, Grass Roots and In the Mind of the Architect.
At the same time, the ABC's Multimedia division was renamed 'ABC New Media', becoming an output division of the ABC alongside Television and Radio.[15] Legislation allowed the ABC to provide 'multichannels' - additional, digital-only, television services managed by the New Media division. Soon after the introduction of digial television in 2001, Fly TV and the ABC Kids Channel launched, showing a mix of programming aimed at teenagers and children.
In 2002, the ABC launched ABC Asia Pacific - the replacement for the defunct Australia Television channel operated previously by the Seven Network. Much like its predecessor, and companion radio network Radio Australia, the service provided a mix of programming targeted at audiences throughout the Asia-Pacific region. Funding cuts in 2003 led to the closure of Fly and the ABC Kid's Channel.
ABC2, a second attempt at a digital-only television channel, launched on March 7, 2005. Unlike its predecessors the new service was not dependent on government funding, instead running on a budget of AUD$3 million per year.[16] Minister for Communications Helen Coonan inaugurated the channel at Parliament House three days later.[17] Genre restrictions limiting the types of programming the channel could carry were lifted in October, 2006 - ABC2 was henceforth able to carry programming classified as comedy, drama, national news, sport and entertainment.[18]
A high incidence of breast cancer in female staff working at the ABC's offices in Brisbane led to the closure of the site, based in Toowong, on December 21, 2006. Sixteen women were diagnosed with the disease in a period spanning 1994 to 2007.[19] A progress report released in March, 2007, by an independent panel formed to investigate the occurrences found that the rate of occurrence for breast cancer rate at the offices was eleven times higher than elsewhere[20] - since the closure of the site, the ABC's Brisbane-based television and radio operations were moved to alternate locations around the city, inclued Ten Brisbane's studios at Mt Coot-tha. The ABC's Managing Director, Mark Scott, announced in August, 2007 that new studios would be built on the site, following the final release of the Review and Scientific Investigation Panel's report.[21]
At midday on February 8 2008, ABC TV was rebranded as ABC1, complementing the existing ABC2 digital-only channel which was launched on March 7 2005.[22][23]
Below is the divisional structure of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation.[24]
| ABC Secretariat | Director of Editorial Policies | Chief of Staff | Director of Corporate Development | General Counsel Stephen Collins | Chief Operating Officer David Pendleton | ||
| ABC Board Managing Director Mark Scott | |||||||
| Innovation Director Ian Carroll | Radio and Regional Content Director Sue Howard | Television Director Kim Dalton | News and Current Affairs Director John Cameron | International, Corporate Strategy & Governance Director Murray Green | Commercial Director Lynley Marshall | Communications Director Gary Dawson | |
The operations of the ABC are governed by a board of directors[25], consisting of a Managing Director,[26] five to seven Directors,[26] and until 2006, a staff-elected director.[27][26] The Managing Director is appointed by the board for a period of up to five years, but is eligible for renewal.[28] The authority and guidelines for the appointment of directors is provided for in the Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983.[29][30][31]
The board's members, since January, 2007:
As opposed to many of its international counterparts such as the BBC,[33] the ABC is funded entirely by the Australian government, in addition to some revenue received from ABC Commercial. In the 2006-07 federal budget, the ABC received AUD$823 million of government funding.[34]
Until 1948, the ABC was funded directly by radio license fees - amendments were made to the Australian Broadcasting Act that meant the ABC would receive its funding directly from the Commonwealth government. License fees, however, remained until 1973 when they were abolished by the Whitlam Labor government, on the basis that the near-universality of television and radio services meant that public funding was a fairer method of providing revenue for government-owned radio and television broadcasters.[16]
The term "where your 8 cents a day goes" is often used in reference to the services provided by the ABC.[35]
The ABC has often, in recent times, been accused of left wing bias[36] by Coalition members of parliament[37] and right-wing commentators such as Andrew Bolt,[38] Piers Akerman, and Gerard Henderson.[38] In 2003, former Communications Minister Senator Richard Alston lodged sixty-eight complaints with the Independent Complaints Review Panel against ABC's AM radio program for its coverage of the US-led invasion of Iraq.[39] The panel upheld a small fraction of the lodged complaints,[39] overall finding no evidence of biased and anti-Coalition coverage. Of the seventeen complaints by the Minister that were upheld, twelve displayed serious bias on the part of the reporters or the program's presenter Linda Mottram.[39]
Managing Director Mark Scott formally released a new set of editorial guidelines covering news and current affairs, opinion programs, factual programs and performance pieces in October, 2006.[40] The ABC must express "a full range of views in opinion-based programs and ensure that when an opinion is expressed, it is clearly marked as an opinion."[40] The guidelines came into effect in March 2007.[40]
A 2004 Roy Morgan media credibility survey found that twenty-five percent of Australian journalists viewed the ABC as Australia's most partisan media outlet, second only to News Limited. At the same time, the poll found that ABC Radio was seen as the most accurate news source in the country.[41]
A number of former journalists and presenters have moved from positions at the corporation to politics. State and federal Labor MPs Bob Carr,[42] Alan Carpenter,[43]Clare Martin,[44] Mary Delahunty[45] and Maxine McKew,[46] as well as the Liberal Party's Pru Goward and [47] and Eoin Cameron[48] all held, or hold, positions at the ABC. Research undertaken by the broadcaster has indicated that out of a total of 19 former staffers moving into party political positions, 10 have joined the Labor Party, and 9 the Liberal Party.[49]
Appointments to the ABC Board made by successive governments have often resulted in criticism of the appointees' political affiliation, background, and relative merit.[52]
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